FIRST KEY QUESTIONWhy do some people become addicted in the first place, and others not? Why do some people not even like the psychoactive effects of an addictive drug and therefore never start using it? Why can some people use such a drug in moderation and never go on to heavy use and addiction? This extreme variability among people is typical for every addictive drug, from nicotine and alcohol to cocaine and heroin. Might there be some people whose reward pathway is defective in some way from birth, who can only feel “normal” on an opiate, for example, and who discover this the first time they encounter heroin?

People sometimes argue that becoming addicted is a psychologic, not a biologic problem. But behavior, the business of psychology, is also the business of the brain. Until recently, there had been no way to map the living functioning human brain; but now imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have begun to make that possible. Thus, we are actually learning, by imaging techniques, which brain circuits mediate which behaviors.

All of brain anatomy and chemistry is determined, at the outset, by the blueprints in our DNA. Then, through our life experiences, both anatomy (the brain circuitry) and chemistry (the neurotransmitters and their receptors) become modified. Most behaviors are determined by both genetics and environment, one or the other predominating in a particular case.

A researcher brought together for his studies seven pairs of identical twins, boys and girls about four years old. On one occasion he had them sit for a photograph, giving them no special instructions. We have all seen pairs of identical twins, so as we look at this photograph, we are not surprised to see how much alike each pair looks. But there is something amazing. No instructions were given about how to hold their hands, yet as we look more closely we see that every twin pair holds their hands in an identical way. Some twins clasp right hand over left, some clasp left over right, some hold the hands in a closed fist, some rest their hands outstretched on their laps, and so on. Each twin pair displays identical behavior in this simple matter of hand position.

Another researcher brought together adult identical twins who had been reared apart, so identical behavior could not be due to environmental influences. Again, a photograph, and again we see in each twin pair an identical positioning of hands and legs, identical tilt of the head, identical facial expression. No such similarity is seen in fraternal (nonidentical) twins. With respect to these behaviors, then, genetics seems to count for everything.

Those who still doubt that genetics strongly influences behavior should consider working dogs, which are specifically bred for certain behaviors, such as retrieving, pointing, attacking, or herding. In our family there is an Australian Shepherd dog who has never seen a sheep in his life, who was separated from his mother before she could teach him the trade. Yet this animal herds our family with great determination whenever we go for a walk with our children and grandchildren; no one is allowed to stray away from the group.

Animal studies tell us that strains of mice and rats can be bred for willingness or unwillingness to self-administer heroin, for ease or resistance to becoming addicted. In the case of alcohol, we know that there are indeed people who are predisposed (vulnerable) to becoming addicts. That knowledge comes from family, twin, cross-adoption, and pharmacologic studies. And the search is under way for the genes that contribute to the predisposition.

More research is needed to find out if genetic predisposition plays a role in heroin addiction. This is an important issue because if it is true that becoming an addict is not entirely a free choice, but rather is driven by a disorder of brain chemistry, it would validate the disease concept of heroin addiction. And that, in turn, would go far toward removing stigma and legitimizing long-term treatment with an opiate like methadone or LAAM in the eyes of the policy makers, the public, and the addicts themselves.

 

Source:
Neurobiology of Heroin Addiction and of Methadone Treatment
By: Avram Goldstein, M.D.
Professor Emeritus of Pharmacology, Stanford University

@aatod1984
  • Research shows methadone maintenance is more effective when it includes counseling—and even more so with medical or psychosocial services, like employment or family assistance. This is a key piece of #MAT for #OUD. More info: https://lnkd.in/ehYFCRvu 
#PNAP #ProgramNotaPill
  • Quick Reminder - Our committee deadline for #aatod2024 Conference related presentations is fast approaching on Monday, September 18th. We are encouraging you to submit your presentations since it will certainly contribute to an information-packed conference event.
  • #ICYMI, AATOD’s recent “How To” Webinar, Expanding the Use of Mobile Vans, is now available for viewing. Speakers included policy partners from the #DEA, #SAMHSA and #OTPs. 
Access to Full Video ➡️ youtu.be/f0KPRoYE7c8 🎥
  • August 21 is National Fentanyl Prevention and Awareness Day. GET THE FACTS ON #FENTANYL ➡️bit.ly/3OMPZo6.

According to the CDC, an estimated 110,511 people in the U.S. died of drug overdoses and poisonings in 2022, with almost 70 % of those deaths involving synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Only 2 mg of fentanyl is considered a potentially lethal dose. #facingfentanylnow
  • We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
  • We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
  • We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
  • We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
  • We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
  • We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
Research shows methadone maintenance is more effective when it includes counseling—and even more so with medical or psychosocial services, like employment or family assistance. This is a key piece of #MAT for #OUD. More info: https://lnkd.in/ehYFCRvu 
#PNAP #ProgramNotaPill
Research shows methadone maintenance is more effective when it includes counseling—and even more so with medical or psychosocial services, like employment or family assistance. This is a key piece of #MAT for #OUD. More info: https://lnkd.in/ehYFCRvu #PNAP #ProgramNotaPill
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Quick Reminder - Our committee deadline for #aatod2024 Conference related presentations is fast approaching on Monday, September 18th. We are encouraging you to submit your presentations since it will certainly contribute to an information-packed conference event.
1 month ago
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#ICYMI, AATOD’s recent “How To” Webinar, Expanding the Use of Mobile Vans, is now available for viewing. Speakers included policy partners from the #DEA, #SAMHSA and #OTPs. Access to Full Video ➡️ youtu.be/f0KPRoYE7c8 🎥
1 month ago
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3/10
August 21 is National Fentanyl Prevention and Awareness Day. GET THE FACTS ON #FENTANYL ➡️bit.ly/3OMPZo6. According to the CDC, an estimated 110,511 people in the U.S. died of drug overdoses and poisonings in 2022, with almost 70 % of those deaths involving synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Only 2 mg of fentanyl is considered a potentially lethal dose. #facingfentanylnow
1 month ago
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4/10
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference May 18-22, 2024 Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication Important Deadlines: CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023 EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024 For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition. #aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
1 month ago
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5/10
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference May 18-22, 2024 Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication Important Deadlines: CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023 EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024 For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition. #aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
1 month ago
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6/10
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference May 18-22, 2024 Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication Important Deadlines: CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023 EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024 For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition. #aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
1 month ago
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7/10
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference May 18-22, 2024 Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication Important Deadlines: CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023 EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024 For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition. #aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
1 month ago
View on Instagram |
8/10
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference May 18-22, 2024 Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication Important Deadlines: CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023 EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024 For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition. #aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
1 month ago
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9/10
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. 

Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference
May 18-22, 2024

Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino

Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication

Important Deadlines:
CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024

For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com

This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition.

#aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
We invite you to join us as we continue to address the #opioid epidemic. Save the Date: #aatod2024 Conference May 18-22, 2024 Location: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort and Casino Conference Theme: Treating Opioid Use Disorders, So Much More Than Medication Important Deadlines: CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2023 EARLY REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2024 For more details ➡️ www.aatodconference.com This Conference will represent 40 years since our Association convened our first Conference in New York City in 1984 under the aegis of the Northeast Regional Methadone Treatment Coalition. #aatod2024 Conference will prove to be a landmark event, providing access to current research and policy considerations as our country continues to face challenges with opioid use disorder, especially in an era of dangerous #fentanyl use. #OUD
1 month ago
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10/10

Join OKATOD, one of AATOD’s state chapters, in Oklahoma City on Oct 12 as they convene their ninth annual OKATOD Conference. This year’s theme is HARM REDUCTION: A TRANSFORMATIVE APPROACH.
Register ➡️ http://bit.ly/461CkkG

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2024 Conference

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